Eyewitnesses also said it arrived within minutes of the earthquake, rather than tens of minutes as predicted. Such quakes should trigger small tsunamis; large waves usually result only when tectonic plates move up and down. Many tsunami researchers suspected that the quake had triggered a submarine landslide in Palu Bay, causing the tsunami.
He found 38 amateur video and surveillance clips of the tsunami. Where possible, the team pinpointed the location of the videos on a map and synchronized them.
This allowed the researchers to reconstruct how the tsunami had moved through Palu Bay. The reconstruction shows that the tsunami inundation occurred only a few minutes after the earthquake shaking, and that successive waves came just 1—2 minutes apart.
This suggests that the source was close to the shore, which is indicative of a submarine landslide, says Carvajal. The team published its findings in Geophysical Research Letters 1 last month. The study offers a significant piece of evidence supporting the idea that submarine landslides caused the tsunami, says Purna Sulastya Putra, a tsunami specialist at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in Bandung who has also studied the event.
Tsunami warning systems are typically first triggered by seismometers and then verified using recorded changes in sea level. But most verification systems only record long-period waves that displace buoys and tide gauges for several minutes. The Indonesian geophysics agency that issues warnings was widely criticized because it cancelled the Palu tsunami alert half an hour after it was issued. The one tide gauge in Palu Bay that the tsunami passed through didn't pick up the huge waves, says Carvajal.
Coastal engineer Mohammad Heidarzadeh of Brunel University London is leading a new effort to map the seabed off Indonesia that will be complete over the next three years, with the goal of forecasting tsunamis more accurately. But even with maps, tsunamis triggered by landslides usually affect a relatively small area compared to quake-triggered events, and so are particularly hard to predict, says Abdul Muhari of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Jakarta. He suggests focusing on locations that have experienced landslides before.
As of 18 July , the government reported that 4, people died in the disaster, of which 1, were not identified; and a further people remain missing. More than 4, were seriously injured and more than , houses destroyed, damaged or lost due to the earthquake, tsunami or liquefaction. Of these, 27, houses were severely damaged while more than 6, were lost mainly due to liquefaction.
Indonesia has a history of devastating earthquakes and tsunamis, with more than 2, killed in a Sulawesi quake. Eight people died when the five-storey Mitra Manakarra Hospital in Mamuju partially collapsed on Friday, officials said. About 60 people were safely evacuated from the hospital. He said the power in the hospital cut out during the earthquake. Officials fear the death toll will increase as rescue efforts continue. Rescuers were still searching for survivors late on Friday, but they have been hampered by power cuts and poor mobile phone service.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo offered condolences to the victims, urging people to stay calm and for the authorities to step up search efforts. The epicentre of Friday's quake was six kilometres 3. Video footage on social media showed collapsed houses and a girl pinned under rubble calling for help. UNICEF has launched an appeal to cover education, health, nutrition, sanitation and child protection needs for the current emergency, as well as the lasting impact of the Lombok earthquake one month earlier, which killed people and displaced , people.
The funds will provide services for the affected children and families, as part of the response led by the Government of Indonesia. Conflict in the region has left millions of children in need of humanitarian assistance. Getting help to affected children and families UNICEF is working closely with the Government to bring help and lifesaving supplies to children and families.
Feed the youngest and most vulnerable Already high rates of malnutrition in this region could get dangerously worse.
Provide clean water Access to clean water and proper sanitation is fundamental to preventing the spread of disease. Comfort children Providing mental support to children in emergencies, giving them safe places to play and learn, and helping them get back to school as quickly as possible, goes a long way to helping them recover.
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