No machine can create energy out of nothing, as this would violate the law of mass-energy conservation, which is fundamental and universal. The law of mass-energy conservation states that mass-energy can never be created or destroyed. It can only be redistributed throughout space and transformed into different states. Mass can be converted to energy, and energy can be converted to mass, but together they must be conserved. For instance, when a positron from the tracer liquid of a medical PET scan hits an electron in the patient's body, the positron and electron completely destroy each other and all of their mass is converted into energy.
This energy is emitted as two gamma particles high energy light that fly off in nearly opposite directions. The PET machine detects the gamma rays, uses them to pinpoint the location of the positron-electron annihilation event, and therefore discovers where in the patient's body the tracer liquid is congregating.
Nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors also convert mass to energy, but the conversion is very inefficient and only a fraction of the bomb's mass is converted to energy. Mass is also converted to energy during radioactive decay. In contrast, energy is converted to mass in particle accelerators such as the LHC. In particle accelerators, large tracks of magnets speed up particles such as electrons and protons to incredible speeds. The particles have therefore gained a high amount of kinetic energy from the magnets.
The particles are then guided to collide with a stationary target or collide with other particles that have been accelerated in the opposite direction. Upon collision, the kinetic energy is lost because the particles are stopped. But energy cannot just be destroyed; it must go somewhere.
As a result, the energy is converted to mass and hundreds of new particles are created in the collision. These new particles are detected and give physicists clues about what types of particles can exist. Every time a particle accelerator is used, a nuclear reactor is turned on, or a medical PET scan is taken, the conservation of mass-energy is experimentally verified. In fact, the energy taken in or given off by ordinary chemical reactions results from the transformation of energy to mass and mass to energy.
In chemical reactions, the mass of the system before the reaction is different from the mass of the system after the reaction. The mass difference is miniscule, but measurable, and is the source of the energy. Because of this fact, every chemical experiment ever done is a validation of the conservation of mass-energy. Out of all the scientifically-sound, repeatable experiments ever performed, a violation of the conservation of mass-energy has never been observed.
If the law was broken, and energy was created out of nothing, then the first place it would be observed would be in particle accelerators. Particle accelerators have huge stacks of sensitive detectors that can track the movement of every last bit of mass and energy in the system; electrons, protons, photons, etc.
Additionally, the accelerators pump incredible amounts of energy into the particles, so that exotic and rare phenomena are readily observable. If a bit of energy did appear that was unaccounted for, the detectors would see it, but they never have. Beyond overwhelming experimental verification, the law of conservation of mass-energy is required by theory. If energy could pop into existence out of nothing, then in such a big, old universe, energy would eventually pop out of nothing.
With the limiting mechanism of conservation out of the way, the energy that pops out of nothing could be as large as infinite. The problem is that an infinite energy or even a non-infinite one that is large enough would destroy our universe. The fact that our universe is still around is direct evidence that the law of conservation of mass-energy is fundamental and universal.
If this law applied on earth, but not on Alpha Centauri, then infinite energy would pop out of nothing on Alpha Centauri and destroy the universe. Then run simulations in his head and check for wear and tear. He even pioneered interplanetary radio communication with Guglielmo Marconi. Tesla was so far ahead of his time, the genius of many of his early inventions — used to develop the radio and television, fluorescent and induction lighting, and MRIs and X-rays —- only came to light after his death.
He strongly opposed centralised coal-fired power stations that spewed carbon dioxide into the air that humans breathed. Find out the benefits of electric cars versus fossil fuel cars on From The Green List. But despite the political carnage, the science of climate change has not been defeated. Of course, as we know, this was just the beginning of ScoMo the mesmerising marketeer who would go on to be Prime Minister of Australia, and thus write the book on How to Win an Election on a Shoestring of Substance.
However, Glen Bulled , managing director of Energa in Southeast Queensland, reiterated what industry experts have known all along, that politicians have either misconstrued or misunderstood what base-load power actually is:.
And shutting them down when usage is at a minimum and renewables are still streaming into the grid, is much too costly as they can take days to fire up again. Base-load is a term used to justify the existence of fossil fuel energy generation — a dying business.
Energy prices have skyrocketed over the last decade: between and the average price rose 70 per cent in real terms.
For that reason, strict credit control measures and revenue management must be maintained. Households that are "poor" generally have a low demand for electricity. Their needs could adequately be met by restricting the current drawn from the supply to about 10 Amperes.
These households would consume the free basic electricity at no cost and pay the approved tariff for all units of electricity consumed above the free allocation. The proposed levels of service are 50kWh per household per month for a grid-based system for qualifying domestic consumers, and 50Wp per non-grid connected supply system for all households connected to the official non-grid systems.
The focus of free basic services is intended for poor households. The 50kWh is equivalent to energy necessary for basic lighting, small black and white TV, small radio, basic ironing and basic water boiling through an electric kettle for grid-connected consumers. Only 50kWh per month would be provided free, extra units would be charged at approved rates tariff. For pre-paid meters a household will be provided with a non-interchangeable voucher or token loaded with free basic units per month.
When the free units have been used up, the consumer will need to buy additional units at the prevailing approved rates. For credit-metered customers, the total units consumed will be reduced by the amount of free basic units. For credit-meter customers, it is not easy to see when the free units are exceeded.
The voucher will be valid for one month only, and units will not accumulate to the next month claim it or loose it. The same applies for credit-metered consumers use it or loose it. Remember that network charges will be imposed to all consumption exceeding 50kWh per month. Who is responsible for the provision of the free basic electricity? National government will provide policy and guidelines in respect of free basic electricity. Local government will be responsible for implementation of the FBE with the aid of guidelines from national government.
Solar home systems non-grid are unique in the sense that they produce energy on site from sunrays. Most of the cost of solar home systems goes towards maintenance and operation. A capped maintenance and operational cost of R48 a month is available to subsidise households connected to solar home systems under the national electrification programme.
Consumers will be expected to pay the balance between the subsidy and the prevailing tariffs. Other technologies are still being investigated.
Criteria for other systems like mini-grids and hybrid systems will be developed as such systems are approved. Solar home systems provide basic lighting, access to a black-and-white TV and a small radio.
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